Selected year snapshot
For 2025, the active event in this file is Code de la propriété intellectuelle (version consolidée en vigueur en 2025).
80%
Current rationale
As of 2025, the Code de la propriété intellectuelle applies to Wallis and Futuna. The most permissive research-relevant exception is L.122-5-3 I (general TDM exception), which permits reproductions and extractions from lawfully accessible works for text and data mining purposes by any user, covering all types of works. It does not authorize communication/sharing of the copies. This maps to BLUE: full-work reproduction, any user, any work, but no sharing. The private copy exception (L.122-5 2°) remains in force (LIGHT BLUE). The research TDM exception (L.122-5-3 II) for research organizations is also in force (PURPLE). The teaching/research excerpt exception (L.122-5 3° e)) remains in force (RED). The quotation exception (L.122-5 3° a)) remains in force (RED). The overall classification is BLUE based on the general TDM exception being the most permissive. Classification-neutral factors (opt-out mechanism, lawful access requirement, non-commercial restrictions on the research TDM exception) were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Private copies strictly reserved for the private use of the copier, not intended for collective use
Short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informatory character
Reproduction and representation of excerpts of works for illustration for teaching and research
General TDM exception: reproductions and extractions from lawfully accessible works for text and data mining, any user, subject to rights holder opt-out
Research TDM exception: reproductions and extractions for scientific research by research organizations and cultural heritage institutions, not overridable by contract
Law changes
Loi n° 57-298 du 11 mars 1957 sur la propriété littéraire et artistique
Baseline · Effective 1990-01-01
60%
Relevant section: Article 41
Dates: Effective 1990-01-01 · Enacted 1957-03-11
Why this score
Wallis and Futuna is a French overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer). French copyright law applies there. On 1990-01-01, the applicable law was the Loi n° 57-298 du 11 mars 1957 sur la propriété littéraire et artistique, as subsequently codified into the Code de la propriété intellectuelle (CPI) by Loi n° 92-597 du 1er juillet 1992. The 1957 law's Article 41 permitted private copies made for the exclusive use of the copier ('copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective'), and short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informatory character of the work. The private copy exception (usage privé du copiste) covers reproduction of full works for personal/private purposes including private study and research, but is limited to the individual copier and does not authorize sharing or communication. The quotation exception is limited to short excerpts. There was no broader fair dealing, fair use, or general research exception. The most permissive research-relevant exception is the private copy exception, which permits full-work reproduction but is restricted to private/personal use by individuals. This maps to LIGHT BLUE. Non-commercial restriction and remuneration levies are classification-neutral.
Exceptions considered
Private copies strictly reserved for the private use of the copier and not intended for collective use
Short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informatory character of the work in which they are incorporated
Loi n° 92-597 du 1er juillet 1992 relative au code de la propriété intellectuelle (partie législative)
Relevant update · Effective 1992-07-03
60%
Relevant section: L.122-5
Dates: Effective 1992-07-03 · Enacted 1992-07-01
Why this score
The 1992 codification consolidated the 1957 law into the Code de la propriété intellectuelle (CPI). Article L.122-5 carried forward the same exceptions: private copy for the copier's exclusive private use (L.122-5 2°), and short quotations (L.122-5 3° a)). No new research-specific or broader exception was added. The private copy exception remains the most permissive for research purposes: it permits full-work reproduction but only for the private use of the individual copier, with no authorization for sharing or communication. This remains LIGHT BLUE.
Exceptions considered
Copies or reproductions strictly reserved for the private use of the copier and not intended for collective use
Short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informatory character of the incorporating work
Source links
Loi n° 2006-961 du 1er août 2006 relative au droit d'auteur et aux droits voisins dans la société de l'information (DADVSI)
Relevant update · Effective 2006-08-03
60%
Relevant section: L.122-5 3° e), L.122-5 8°
Dates: Effective 2006-08-03 · Enacted 2006-08-01
Why this score
The DADVSI law transposed EU Directive 2001/29/EC into French law. It amended L.122-5 to add several new exceptions, including L.122-5 3° e) for reproduction and representation of excerpts of works for the purpose of illustration for teaching and research (à des fins exclusives d'illustration dans le cadre de l'enseignement et de la recherche), subject to conditions including compensation and exclusion of works made for educational purposes. This teaching/research exception is limited to 'extraits' (excerpts), not full works, and thus is RED on its own. The pre-existing private copy exception (L.122-5 2°) remained unchanged and continues to be the most permissive exception for research: it permits full-work reproduction but only for the private use of the individual copier. Classification remains LIGHT BLUE.
Exceptions considered
Private copies strictly reserved for the private use of the copier, not intended for collective use
Short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informatory character
Reproduction and representation of excerpts of works for illustration for teaching and research, excluding works made for educational purposes, subject to compensation
Source links
Loi n° 2016-1231 du 7 octobre 2016 pour une République numérique
Relevant update · Effective 2016-10-09
60%
Relevant section: L.122-5 10°
Dates: Effective 2016-10-09 · Enacted 2016-10-07
Why this score
The Loi pour une République numérique added a TDM exception at L.122-5 10° CPI, permitting copies or digital reproductions made from a lawful source for the purposes of text and data mining (fouille de textes et de données) included in or associated with a scientific publication, for the needs of public research. This exception is restricted to public research users and to works included in scientific publications. It covers reproduction only, not communication/sharing. It is narrower than the pre-existing private copy exception in some respects (limited to public research actors and scientific publications) but broader in that it explicitly authorizes TDM. However, the private copy exception (L.122-5 2°) remains the most permissive general exception for research: it permits full-work reproduction for any individual's private use. The TDM exception on its own would be PURPLE (institutional restriction to public research) or possibly ORANGE (limited to scientific publications as a work category). The overall classification remains LIGHT BLUE based on the private copy exception.
Exceptions considered
Private copies strictly reserved for the private use of the copier, not intended for collective use
Short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informatory character
Reproduction and representation of excerpts of works for illustration for teaching and research
TDM exception for copies from lawful sources of scientific publications for public research purposes
Source links
Ordonnance n° 2021-580 du 12 mai 2021 portant transposition de la directive (UE) 2019/790 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 17 avril 2019 sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins dans le marché unique numérique
Relevant update · Effective 2021-05-14
60%
Relevant section: L.122-5-3 (new), L.122-5 10° (amended)
Dates: Effective 2021-05-14 · Enacted 2021-05-12
Why this score
The Ordonnance n° 2021-580 transposed EU Directive 2019/790 (DSM Directive) into French law. It created a new Article L.122-5-3 CPI establishing two TDM exceptions: (I) a general TDM exception permitting reproductions and extractions from lawfully accessible works for text and data mining purposes, subject to the right holder's ability to opt out (transposing Art. 4 of the Directive); and (II) a research TDM exception permitting reproductions and extractions for scientific research purposes by research organizations and cultural heritage institutions from lawfully accessed works (transposing Art. 3 of the Directive), which cannot be overridden by contract. The former L.122-5 10° TDM exception was replaced/amended. The general TDM exception (L.122-5-3 I) covers reproduction and extraction (but not communication/sharing) for any user, for any work, but is subject to opt-out by rights holders. The research TDM exception (L.122-5-3 II) is limited to research organizations and cultural heritage institutions but cannot be opted out of. The private copy exception (L.122-5 2°) remains unchanged. Assessing the most permissive exception for research: the private copy exception still permits full-work reproduction for any individual's private use (LIGHT BLUE). The new general TDM exception permits reproduction/extraction for any user but does not cover communication/sharing and is subject to opt-out — this would be BLUE on its own. However, the opt-out mechanism means rights holders can restrict it. The research TDM exception is PURPLE (institutional restriction). The general TDM exception (L.122-5-3 I) is potentially more permissive than private copy because it is not limited to 'private' use — it covers any user for any purpose of TDM. But it only covers reproduction/extraction, not sharing. This would be BLUE. However, the opt-out mechanism is a classification-neutral factor (similar to a contractual override issue). On balance, the general TDM exception (L.122-5-3 I) covers reproduction by any user of any work for TDM purposes — this is BLUE. But the private copy exception remains LIGHT BLUE for general research reproduction. The TDM exception is more permissive because it is not restricted to private/personal use — any user can perform TDM reproductions. This shifts the overall classification to BLUE for TDM-related research reproduction. However, re-examining: the TDM exception covers 'reproductions and extractions' for TDM but does not cover communication. The private copy exception covers reproduction for private use. The TDM exception is broader on users (any user, not just private copier) but narrower on purpose (only TDM). For general research reproduction (not TDM), the private copy exception (LIGHT BLUE) remains the most permissive. For TDM specifically, L.122-5-3 I is BLUE. The overall most permissive exception for research use is BLUE (the general TDM exception covers reproduction of full works by any user, albeit only for TDM purposes). Since TDM is within the scope of research-related purposes per the prompt, BLUE applies.
Exceptions considered
Private copies strictly reserved for the private use of the copier, not intended for collective use
Short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informatory character
Reproduction and representation of excerpts of works for illustration for teaching and research
General TDM exception: reproductions and extractions from lawfully accessible works for text and data mining, any user, subject to rights holder opt-out
Research TDM exception: reproductions and extractions for scientific research by research organizations and cultural heritage institutions, not overridable by contract
Source links
Code de la propriété intellectuelle (version consolidée en vigueur en 2025)
Current law confirmation · Effective 2025-01-01
80%
Relevant section: L.122-5, L.122-5-3
Dates: Effective 2025-01-01
Why this score
As of 2025, the Code de la propriété intellectuelle applies to Wallis and Futuna. The most permissive research-relevant exception is L.122-5-3 I (general TDM exception), which permits reproductions and extractions from lawfully accessible works for text and data mining purposes by any user, covering all types of works. It does not authorize communication/sharing of the copies. This maps to BLUE: full-work reproduction, any user, any work, but no sharing. The private copy exception (L.122-5 2°) remains in force (LIGHT BLUE). The research TDM exception (L.122-5-3 II) for research organizations is also in force (PURPLE). The teaching/research excerpt exception (L.122-5 3° e)) remains in force (RED). The quotation exception (L.122-5 3° a)) remains in force (RED). The overall classification is BLUE based on the general TDM exception being the most permissive. Classification-neutral factors (opt-out mechanism, lawful access requirement, non-commercial restrictions on the research TDM exception) were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Private copies strictly reserved for the private use of the copier, not intended for collective use
Short quotations justified by the critical, polemic, pedagogical, scientific or informatory character
Reproduction and representation of excerpts of works for illustration for teaching and research
General TDM exception: reproductions and extractions from lawfully accessible works for text and data mining, any user, subject to rights holder opt-out
Research TDM exception: reproductions and extractions for scientific research by research organizations and cultural heritage institutions, not overridable by contract