Back to atlas

country page

Venezuela

Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor.

Copyright exception history

0%20%40%60%80%100%199019952000200520102015202020251993: 20%1994: 20%1995: 20%1996: 20%1997: 20%1998: 20%1999: 20%2000: 20%2001: 20%2002: 20%2003: 20%2004: 20%2005: 20%2006: 20%2007: 20%2008: 20%2009: 20%2010: 20%2011: 20%2012: 20%2013: 20%2014: 20%2015: 20%2016: 20%2017: 20%2018: 20%2019: 20%2020: 20%2021: 20%2022: 20%2023: 20%2024: 20%2025: 20%YearOpenness score (%)

Selected year snapshot

For 2025, the active event in this file is Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor.

20%

Current rationale

As of 2025, the Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor of 1993 remains in force without any amendments to the exceptions and limitations provisions relevant to research. No TDM-specific exception has been enacted. The most permissive research-relevant exception remains Art. 43(4): individual reproduction by a natural person, single copy, for personal use (which encompasses private study and research), without profit motive. This exception permits full-work reproduction for many types of works but explicitly excludes integral reproduction of books, musical works in graphic form, signed plastic works, databases, and architectural works. Because full-work reproduction is permitted for at least some categories of works (e.g., journal articles, audiovisual works, photographs, sound recordings) but not for all (books, musical scores, certain plastic works, databases, architectural works are excluded), the classification is ORANGE. The exception does not cover sharing/communication — it is limited to reproduction. The library exception (Art. 43(2)) remains limited to preservation/replacement purposes only. The teaching exception (Art. 43(1)) remains limited to small fragments. Art. 44 remains a quotation exception limited to short passages. No broader fair use, fair dealing, or three-step-test enabling clause exists in the Venezuelan law. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral and were not factored into the color decision.

Exceptions considered

Art. 43(1)0%Educational

Reproduction, distribution and communication of small fragments of protected works, exclusively for teaching, non-profit, fair practice

Art. 43(2)40%Library Institutional

Individual reproductions by non-profit libraries or archives for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies only

Art. 43(3)0%Other

Reproduction of a work for judicial or administrative proceedings

Art. 43(4)20%Private UseMost permissive

Individual reproduction by a natural person, single copy, for personal use, non-profit; excludes integral reproduction of books, musical works in graphic form, signed plastic works, databases, and architectural works

Art. 440%Quotation

Quotation of short passages from lawfully published works for criticism, commentary, teaching, or similar purposes

Law changes

Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor

Baseline · Effective 1993-10-01

20%

Relevant section: Art. 43, Art. 44

Dates: Effective 1993-10-01 · Enacted 1993-08-14

Why this score

The most permissive research-relevant exception is Art. 43(4), which permits individual reproduction of a work by a natural person, in a single copy, for personal use and without profit motive. This covers private study and research by individuals. However, Art. 43(4) explicitly excludes: (a) architectural works in the form of buildings, (b) integral reproduction of a book, a musical work in graphic form, or the original/copy of a plastic work signed by the author, and (c) databases/compilations. Because the exception permits full-work reproduction for some types of works (e.g., articles, shorter literary works, audiovisual works, photographs, etc.) but explicitly excludes integral reproduction of books, musical scores, and certain plastic works, this is ORANGE — full-work reproduction is available for at least some types of works but not all. The library exception (Art. 43(2)) is narrower (PURPLE, limited to preservation/replacement only, not research). The teaching exception (Art. 43(1)) is limited to small fragments. Art. 44 provides a quotation exception limited to short passages. The private-use exception (Art. 43(4)) is the most permissive but is restricted to individuals (not institutional) and excludes certain work categories, and does not cover sharing/communication. The work-type exclusion is the most restrictive element, yielding ORANGE. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral factors and were not factored into the color decision.

Exceptions considered

Art. 43(1)0%Educational

Reproduction, distribution and communication of small fragments of protected works, exclusively for teaching, non-profit, fair practice

Art. 43(2)40%Library Institutional

Individual reproductions by non-profit libraries or archives for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies

Art. 43(3)0%Other

Reproduction of a work for judicial or administrative proceedings

Art. 43(4)20%Private UseMost permissive

Individual reproduction by a natural person, single copy, for personal use, non-profit; excludes integral reproduction of books, musical works in graphic form, signed plastic works, databases, and architectural works

Art. 440%Quotation

Quotation of short passages from lawfully published works for criticism, commentary, teaching, or similar purposes

Original text

English rendering

Source links

Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor

Current law confirmation · Effective 1993-10-01

20%

Relevant section: Art. 43, Art. 44

Dates: Effective 1993-10-01 · Enacted 1993-08-14

Why this score

As of 2025, the Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor of 1993 remains in force without any amendments to the exceptions and limitations provisions relevant to research. No TDM-specific exception has been enacted. The most permissive research-relevant exception remains Art. 43(4): individual reproduction by a natural person, single copy, for personal use (which encompasses private study and research), without profit motive. This exception permits full-work reproduction for many types of works but explicitly excludes integral reproduction of books, musical works in graphic form, signed plastic works, databases, and architectural works. Because full-work reproduction is permitted for at least some categories of works (e.g., journal articles, audiovisual works, photographs, sound recordings) but not for all (books, musical scores, certain plastic works, databases, architectural works are excluded), the classification is ORANGE. The exception does not cover sharing/communication — it is limited to reproduction. The library exception (Art. 43(2)) remains limited to preservation/replacement purposes only. The teaching exception (Art. 43(1)) remains limited to small fragments. Art. 44 remains a quotation exception limited to short passages. No broader fair use, fair dealing, or three-step-test enabling clause exists in the Venezuelan law. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral and were not factored into the color decision.

Exceptions considered

Art. 43(1)0%Educational

Reproduction, distribution and communication of small fragments of protected works, exclusively for teaching, non-profit, fair practice

Art. 43(2)40%Library Institutional

Individual reproductions by non-profit libraries or archives for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies only

Art. 43(3)0%Other

Reproduction of a work for judicial or administrative proceedings

Art. 43(4)20%Private UseMost permissive

Individual reproduction by a natural person, single copy, for personal use, non-profit; excludes integral reproduction of books, musical works in graphic form, signed plastic works, databases, and architectural works

Art. 440%Quotation

Quotation of short passages from lawfully published works for criticism, commentary, teaching, or similar purposes

Original text

English rendering

Source links