Selected year snapshot
For 2025, the active event in this file is Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor.
20%
Current rationale
As of 2025, the Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor of 1993 remains in force without any amendments to the exceptions and limitations provisions relevant to research. No TDM-specific exception has been enacted. The most permissive research-relevant exception remains Art. 43(4): individual reproduction by a natural person, single copy, for personal use (which encompasses private study and research), without profit motive. This exception permits full-work reproduction for many types of works but explicitly excludes integral reproduction of books, musical works in graphic form, signed plastic works, databases, and architectural works. Because full-work reproduction is permitted for at least some categories of works (e.g., journal articles, audiovisual works, photographs, sound recordings) but not for all (books, musical scores, certain plastic works, databases, architectural works are excluded), the classification is ORANGE. The exception does not cover sharing/communication — it is limited to reproduction. The library exception (Art. 43(2)) remains limited to preservation/replacement purposes only. The teaching exception (Art. 43(1)) remains limited to small fragments. Art. 44 remains a quotation exception limited to short passages. No broader fair use, fair dealing, or three-step-test enabling clause exists in the Venezuelan law. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral and were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction, distribution and communication of small fragments of protected works, exclusively for teaching, non-profit, fair practice
Individual reproductions by non-profit libraries or archives for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies only
Reproduction of a work for judicial or administrative proceedings
Individual reproduction by a natural person, single copy, for personal use, non-profit; excludes integral reproduction of books, musical works in graphic form, signed plastic works, databases, and architectural works
Quotation of short passages from lawfully published works for criticism, commentary, teaching, or similar purposes
Law changes
Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor
Baseline · Effective 1993-10-01
20%
Relevant section: Art. 43, Art. 44
Dates: Effective 1993-10-01 · Enacted 1993-08-14
Why this score
The most permissive research-relevant exception is Art. 43(4), which permits individual reproduction of a work by a natural person, in a single copy, for personal use and without profit motive. This covers private study and research by individuals. However, Art. 43(4) explicitly excludes: (a) architectural works in the form of buildings, (b) integral reproduction of a book, a musical work in graphic form, or the original/copy of a plastic work signed by the author, and (c) databases/compilations. Because the exception permits full-work reproduction for some types of works (e.g., articles, shorter literary works, audiovisual works, photographs, etc.) but explicitly excludes integral reproduction of books, musical scores, and certain plastic works, this is ORANGE — full-work reproduction is available for at least some types of works but not all. The library exception (Art. 43(2)) is narrower (PURPLE, limited to preservation/replacement only, not research). The teaching exception (Art. 43(1)) is limited to small fragments. Art. 44 provides a quotation exception limited to short passages. The private-use exception (Art. 43(4)) is the most permissive but is restricted to individuals (not institutional) and excludes certain work categories, and does not cover sharing/communication. The work-type exclusion is the most restrictive element, yielding ORANGE. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral factors and were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction, distribution and communication of small fragments of protected works, exclusively for teaching, non-profit, fair practice
Individual reproductions by non-profit libraries or archives for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies
Reproduction of a work for judicial or administrative proceedings
Individual reproduction by a natural person, single copy, for personal use, non-profit; excludes integral reproduction of books, musical works in graphic form, signed plastic works, databases, and architectural works
Quotation of short passages from lawfully published works for criticism, commentary, teaching, or similar purposes
Original text
ArtÃculo 43.- Son lÃcitas las siguientes utilizaciones de obras protegidas y de producciones, interpretaciones o ejecuciones artÃsticas y de fonogramas, realizadas sin autorización del autor, del artista, del productor o del organismo de radiodifusión, según el caso, siempre que se haga mención de la fuente y no se alteren las obras: 1º La reproducción, distribución y comunicación pública de pequeños fragmentos de obras protegidas, o de obras aisladas de carácter plástico, fotográfico o figurativo, exclusivamente para la enseñanza, siempre que se trate de obras ya divulgadas y que la utilización se haga conforme a los usos honrados y en la medida justificada por el fin perseguido, sin ánimo de lucro; 2º Las reproducciones individuales de una obra protegida hechas por bibliotecas o archivos cuyas actividades no tengan directa ni indirectamente fines de lucro, cuando la reproducción se realice con los siguientes propósitos: a) Preservar el ejemplar y sustituirlo en caso de extravÃo, destrucción o inutilización; o, b) Sustituir, en la colección permanente de otra biblioteca o archivo, el ejemplar que se haya extraviado, destruido o inutilizado. 3º La reproducción de una obra para actuaciones judiciales o administrativas, en la medida justificada por el fin que se persiga. 4º La reproducción individual de una obra por una persona natural, en un solo ejemplar, para su uso personal y sin ánimo de lucro. Las reproducciones permitidas en este numeral no se extienden: a) A la de una obra de arquitectura en forma de edificio o de cualquier otra construcción; b) A la reproducción integral de un libro, de una obra musical en forma gráfica, o del original o de una copia de una obra plástica, hecha y firmada por el autor; c) A una base o compilación de datos.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 43.- The following uses of protected works and of productions, performances or artistic executions and phonograms, made without authorization of the author, artist, producer or broadcasting organization, as the case may be, are lawful, provided that the source is mentioned and the works are not altered: 1. The reproduction, distribution and public communication of small fragments of protected works, or of isolated works of a plastic, photographic or figurative nature, exclusively for teaching, provided that the works have already been disclosed and that the use is made in accordance with fair practice and to the extent justified by the purpose pursued, without profit motive; 2. Individual reproductions of a protected work made by libraries or archives whose activities do not directly or indirectly have profit-making purposes, when the reproduction is made for the following purposes: a) To preserve the copy and replace it in case of loss, destruction or uselessness; or, b) To replace, in the permanent collection of another library or archive, the copy that has been lost, destroyed or rendered useless. 3. The reproduction of a work for judicial or administrative proceedings, to the extent justified by the purpose pursued. 4. The individual reproduction of a work by a natural person, in a single copy, for personal use and without profit motive. The reproductions permitted in this paragraph do not extend to: a) That of a work of architecture in the form of a building or any other construction; b) The integral reproduction of a book, of a musical work in graphic form, or of the original or a copy of a plastic work, made and signed by the author; c) A database or compilation of data.
Source links
Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor
Current law confirmation · Effective 1993-10-01
20%
Relevant section: Art. 43, Art. 44
Dates: Effective 1993-10-01 · Enacted 1993-08-14
Why this score
As of 2025, the Ley sobre el Derecho de Autor of 1993 remains in force without any amendments to the exceptions and limitations provisions relevant to research. No TDM-specific exception has been enacted. The most permissive research-relevant exception remains Art. 43(4): individual reproduction by a natural person, single copy, for personal use (which encompasses private study and research), without profit motive. This exception permits full-work reproduction for many types of works but explicitly excludes integral reproduction of books, musical works in graphic form, signed plastic works, databases, and architectural works. Because full-work reproduction is permitted for at least some categories of works (e.g., journal articles, audiovisual works, photographs, sound recordings) but not for all (books, musical scores, certain plastic works, databases, architectural works are excluded), the classification is ORANGE. The exception does not cover sharing/communication — it is limited to reproduction. The library exception (Art. 43(2)) remains limited to preservation/replacement purposes only. The teaching exception (Art. 43(1)) remains limited to small fragments. Art. 44 remains a quotation exception limited to short passages. No broader fair use, fair dealing, or three-step-test enabling clause exists in the Venezuelan law. Non-commercial restriction and single-copy limit are classification-neutral and were not factored into the color decision.
Exceptions considered
Reproduction, distribution and communication of small fragments of protected works, exclusively for teaching, non-profit, fair practice
Individual reproductions by non-profit libraries or archives for preservation or replacement of lost/destroyed copies only
Reproduction of a work for judicial or administrative proceedings
Individual reproduction by a natural person, single copy, for personal use, non-profit; excludes integral reproduction of books, musical works in graphic form, signed plastic works, databases, and architectural works
Quotation of short passages from lawfully published works for criticism, commentary, teaching, or similar purposes
Original text
ArtÃculo 43.- Son lÃcitas las siguientes utilizaciones de obras protegidas y de producciones, interpretaciones o ejecuciones artÃsticas y de fonogramas, realizadas sin autorización del autor, del artista, del productor o del organismo de radiodifusión, según el caso, siempre que se haga mención de la fuente y no se alteren las obras: 1º La reproducción, distribución y comunicación pública de pequeños fragmentos de obras protegidas, o de obras aisladas de carácter plástico, fotográfico o figurativo, exclusivamente para la enseñanza, siempre que se trate de obras ya divulgadas y que la utilización se haga conforme a los usos honrados y en la medida justificada por el fin perseguido, sin ánimo de lucro; 2º Las reproducciones individuales de una obra protegida hechas por bibliotecas o archivos cuyas actividades no tengan directa ni indirectamente fines de lucro, cuando la reproducción se realice con los siguientes propósitos: a) Preservar el ejemplar y sustituirlo en caso de extravÃo, destrucción o inutilización; o, b) Sustituir, en la colección permanente de otra biblioteca o archivo, el ejemplar que se haya extraviado, destruido o inutilizado. 3º La reproducción de una obra para actuaciones judiciales o administrativas, en la medida justificada por el fin que se persiga. 4º La reproducción individual de una obra por una persona natural, en un solo ejemplar, para su uso personal y sin ánimo de lucro. Las reproducciones permitidas en este numeral no se extienden: a) A la de una obra de arquitectura en forma de edificio o de cualquier otra construcción; b) A la reproducción integral de un libro, de una obra musical en forma gráfica, o del original o de una copia de una obra plástica, hecha y firmada por el autor; c) A una base o compilación de datos.
English rendering
[Unofficial translation]: Article 43.- The following uses of protected works and of productions, performances or artistic executions and phonograms, made without authorization of the author, artist, producer or broadcasting organization, as the case may be, are lawful, provided that the source is mentioned and the works are not altered: 1. The reproduction, distribution and public communication of small fragments of protected works, or of isolated works of a plastic, photographic or figurative nature, exclusively for teaching, provided that the works have already been disclosed and that the use is made in accordance with fair practice and to the extent justified by the purpose pursued, without profit motive; 2. Individual reproductions of a protected work made by libraries or archives whose activities do not directly or indirectly have profit-making purposes, when the reproduction is made for the following purposes: a) To preserve the copy and replace it in case of loss, destruction or uselessness; or, b) To replace, in the permanent collection of another library or archive, the copy that has been lost, destroyed or rendered useless. 3. The reproduction of a work for judicial or administrative proceedings, to the extent justified by the purpose pursued. 4. The individual reproduction of a work by a natural person, in a single copy, for personal use and without profit motive. The reproductions permitted in this paragraph do not extend to: a) That of a work of architecture in the form of a building or any other construction; b) The integral reproduction of a book, of a musical work in graphic form, or of the original or a copy of a plastic work, made and signed by the author; c) A database or compilation of data.